A Sustainable Local-Culture-Based Design Innovation Model for Tourism Facilities in Volcanic Landscapes: Evidence from Kintamani, Bali

Tourism development in environmentally sensitive volcanic landscapes has intensified, driven by experience-based tourism and scenic consumption, yet often neglecting ecological fragility and cultural complexity. Kintamani–Bangli in Bali, situated within the Batur UNESCO Global Geopark, exemplifies this condition, where rapid post-pandemic growth of cafés, restaurants, glamping units, and viewing platforms is dominated by global aesthetics, superficial cultural representation, limited ecological adaptation, and weak indigenous involvement. Global aesthetics is defined as standardized architectural expressions driven by international tourism markets, often resulting in homogenization and loss of local identity. This study develops a sustainable local-culture-based design innovation model for tourism facilities in volcanic landscapes, using Kintamani as a case. This study employs a mixed-methods approach combining spatial analysis, field observations, and expert interviews to develop a sustainable local-culture-based design model, supported by thematic analysis and quantitative pattern identification. The findings reveal six key problems: decorative rather than structural use of cultural elements, weak ecological adaptation and extensive cut-and-fill, trend-driven design innovation, inconsistent sustainable technologies, symbolic indigenous participation, and linear clustering along scenic corridors. The six key problems were derived through thematic coding of qualitative data and spatial pattern analysis. In response, the research proposes a three-layer Hybrid-Cultural Design Innovation Model comprising Cultural Embeddedness, Ecological–Technological Adaptation, and Institutional–Participatory Governance. Expert judgment and field application confirm its conceptual clarity, operational feasibility, and suitability for lightweight, low-impact facilities, offering a transferable framework for sustainable tourism architecture in culturally sensitive volcanic settings.