Modulation of satellite cell function to alleviate age-related sarcopenia: Electrical stimulation & Ca²⁺ signaling combined approach

Age-related sarcopenia is a degenerative condition characterized by loss of muscle mass and strength. Satellite cells (SCs), the stem cells of skeletal muscle, decline in number and function with age, contributing to sarcopenia. Enhancing SC function represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) induces passive muscle contraction and improves SC activity, partly through calcium-dependent mechanisms. Calcium signaling is essential not only for excitation-contraction coupling but also for SC proliferation and differentiation. This review summarizes age-related changes in SCs, current sarcopenia treatments, and the therapeutic potential of NMES. We propose a novel combined strategy integrating NMES with calcium signaling modulation to synergistically enhance SC function. This approach offers a promising avenue for treating age-related sarcopenia and warrants further investigation.