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Immobilized penicillin acylase is a biocatalyst suitable for the kinetically controlled industrial synthesis of semi-synthetic antibiotics in aqueous environments. Amoxicillin and ampicillin are obtained by condensing 6-aminopenicillanic acid with the amide or ester of d-(−)-4-hydroxyphenylglycine and d-(−)-phenylglycine, respectively. Similarly, the cephalosporin antibiotics cefadroxil and cephalexin can be obtained from 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid.
Bruggink et al. (1998) studied this question.