Mycobacterial surveillance and risk mitigation in wildlife rehabilitation centers: a one health framework

Wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centers (WRRCs) occupy a unique position at the wildlife-livestock-human interface, where Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) transmission may occur in both zoonotic and reverse zoonotic directions. Despite their importance, structured guidance for MTBC surveillance and risk mitigation in these facilities remains limited. This review synthesizes current knowledge on MTBC ecology, diagnostics, and transmission and proposes a practical One Health framework integrating risk stratification, diagnostic decision-making, and biosafety management tailored to WRRCs. The framework emphasizes intake-based risk assessment informed by geographic, species, and individual factors, complemented by evidence-based testing considerations and institutional protocols. By integrating structured surveillance and occupational health measures into routine facility management, WRRCs can strengthen their role in preventing zoonotic and reverse zoonotic infections. This approach supports the broader goals of MTBC control, wildlife conservation, and One Health integration.