Exploring the relationship between delay discounting and physical activity: a meta-analysis of continuous associations

Background Delay discounting is the reduction in perceived value of rewards over time, a concept studied in psychology and economics to understand decision-making and health behaviors. Its impact on physical activity is gaining interest, but has not been systematically quantified. This meta-analysis aimed to clarify the strength and direction of the continuous association between delay discounting and physical activity. Methods Studies incorporating monetary delay discounting and physical activity were identified through PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycINFO. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted using Pearson’s r as the effect size. Publication bias was assessed using fail-safe N, Begg-Mazumdar, and Egger’s tests, as well as meta-regression and imputation of missing studies. Results Twelve effect sizes from 10 studies were included. The primary analysis found a small but significant negative correlation ( r = − 0.155, P < 0.001) between delay discounting and physical activity. No statistical difference was found between two delay discounting measures (Qbetween = 0.039, P = 0.844). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the effect size, and no significant bias was detected. Conclusions This meta-analysis finds a small negative correlation between delay discounting and physical activity, suggesting that individuals who value the future slightly engage more in physical activity. Further research should explore how delay discounting can be incorporated into exercise interventions, especially for individuals with atypical time preferences, to improve physical activity and health outcomes.