Performance Evaluation of an IoT-Based Smart Composting System Powered by Photovoltaic Solar Energy for the Production of Natural Substrate from Household Waste

The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of a simplified composting system characterized by low energy consumption and ease of operation, integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technology and powered by photovoltaic solar energy, for the treatment of household organic waste. The system was assessed through the monitoring of operational parameters and the characterization of the resulting compost. The methodology involved the design and implementation of a prototype, followed by experimental validation through statistical analyses in two independent trials. The results demonstrated high system reproducibility, with no statistically significant differences between trials (P > 0.05). The semi-closed cylindrical design enhanced thermal stability and insulation, while continuous monitoring enabled the identification of key process dynamics, such as the inverse relationship between O₂ and CO₂, confirming optimal aerobic conditions and efficient microbial activity. The resulting compost exhibited a C/N ratio of 20.6 and nutrient contents of N (1.65%), P (0.81%), and K (1.22%), meeting international standards (FAO) and national regulations (NTP 201.208:2021), thereby confirming its suitability as an organic amendment. In addition, a 50% reduction in composting time (45 days) was achieved compared to conventional systems, indicating a significant improvement in process efficiency. Overall, the integration of IoT and renewable energy into composting systems represents an innovative and efficient technological solution for organic waste management, with strong potential for application in urban environments.