A Comprehensive Study for Acne Models: A Review

Acne vulgaris (AV), a widespread chronic inflammatory skin condition that mostly affects the pilosebaceous unit, affects a considerable portion of the population. The Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Propionibacterium acnes, which is a normal part of the skin microbiota but plays a significant role in causing inflammation and the development of acne lesions, is a major contributor to this complex disorder. The development of the condition is also influenced by other elements such immunological reactions, follicular hyperkeratinization, excess sebum production, and hormonal imbalance. The current in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models used to assess pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations created for the treatment and prevention of acne are highlighted in this paper. Ex vivo models use removed skin to examine medication penetration and retention, while in vitro models use microbe culture experiments to evaluate antibacterial efficacy. Understanding the overall therapeutic efficacy and safety of formulations is aided by in vivo models, which frequently involve animal experiments or clinical trials. These experimental methods offer dependable platforms for the screening of new drug delivery systems like nanoformulations, herbal extracts, and biologically active chemicals. As a result, they are vital to the advancement of acne research and the creation of safer, more efficient, and focused treatments for better acne control.