Hybrid energy systems integrating triboelectric nanogenerators with hydrogen energy: Materials, mechanisms, and future prospects

The growing need for sustainable and decentralized energy solutions has sped up the development of hybrid energy systems that mix energy harvesting and storage technologies. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are becoming promising devices for converting ambient mechanical energy into electrical energy. Meanwhile, hydrogen energy provides a clean and high-density medium for energy storage. This review looks at how TENGs can be integrated with hydrogen production and storage systems, focusing on material innovations, device designs, and system-level connection strategies. We examine the processes behind TENG-driven electrolysis, self-powered hydrogen generation, and hybrid energy storage setups. We also analyze key challenges, including low output current, system efficiency, and scalability. Finally, we outline future directions such as improving catalysts, creating hybrid nanostructures, and developing smart energy systems to support the practical use of TENG–hydrogen hybrid technologies.