This work classifies proto-particle closure states in a geometric framework, suggesting implications for future particle theories.
This work develops a proto-particle classification within the growing hyperspherical time-front framework, where the observable three-dimensional universe is treated as the boundary of an expanding four-dimensional hypersphere. Building on the preceding three-branch closure construction, the paper classifies possible closure regimes generated by the local tangent structure of the hyperspherical front. A single local growth step is decomposed into three tangent channels, with the isotropic configuration ((1/3,1/3,1/3)) representing the symmetric open-front state. The first nontrivial symmetry-breaking mode produces a (2+1) organization, leading to asymmetric three-branch closure patterns. The paper distinguishes symmetric proto-electron / proto-positron type closures from asymmetric proto-proton / proto-antiproton and proto-neutron / proto-antineutron type closure regimes. These structures are interpreted as proto-particle closure states relative to the growing time front, rather than as a completed derivation of the Standard Model particle spectrum. A further distinction is introduced between under-front and over-front domains, interpreted as conjugate localization sectors of the same hyperspherical geometry. The classification suggests a structural hierarchy from open three-channel waves to symmetric pair closures and then to asymmetric three-branch closures. The work does not claim to derive observed particle masses, lifetimes, scattering amplitudes, or the Standard Model charge operator. Its purpose is to define a geometric classification of proto-particle closure regimes that may serve as a basis for later dynamical and phenomenological development.
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Faith Greene (2026) studied this question.
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