Experimental study on cavity evolution characteristics of an inclined water-entry structure under different ice layer thicknesses

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Key Points

This study investigates the effect of ice layer thickness on cavity evolution during water entry.
High-speed photography was used to observe the water entry process at a speed of 140 m/s and a 30° entry angle.
Experiments were conducted with different ice layer thicknesses to evaluate their impact on bubble evolution and ice fracturing.
Systematic analysis of the stages of cavity evolution was performed based on observational data.
Cavity evolution exhibited four distinct stages: expansion, wall curvature, contraction, and surface closure, influenced by ice thickness.
As ice thickness increased, the diameter of the cavity decreased consistently, and the initial kinetic energy for ice fracturing was higher.
Ice damage showed asymmetric features with blocky debris on the water back side and radial cracks on the front side, with crack number decreasing as ice thickness increased.

Experimental study shows how ice thickness affects cavity formation in water-entry structures, indicating structural implications.

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Yang et al. (2026) studied this question.

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