The Evolution of Russian Spelling: Tradition, Norm, and Future Development

The article explores the dynamics of the Russian orthographic system within the framework of the permanent opposition between historical traditions and modern cognitive- communicative realities. The author subjects to critical analysis the key stages in the evolution of Russian spelling, the mechanisms of academic codification of the linguistic norm, and the determining impact of global digitalization on the 21st-century written culture. The paper theoretically substantiates the inevitability of adapting orthographic rules to the requirements of expressiveness, compression, and polycodality in network discourse. Based on diachronic analysis and empirical research of electronic texts, the author's classification of modern orthographic deviations is proposed, and prognostic models for the development of Russian graphics are developed. The scientific and practical value of the work lies in the substantiation of an adaptive approach to codification, which helps maintain a balance between the systemic stability of the language and its functional flexibility.