Cross-diffusive flow of a conducting Williamson ternary hybrid nanofluid in a porous medium over a rotating stretching sheet

Pharmaceutical delivery, microelectronics, fuel cell membranes, water purification, crackresistant coatings, thermal energy plants, catalysts, micro-capacitors, and car cooling systems all benefit from developments in nanotechnology. In each of these applications, ethylene glycol performs exceptionally well. The effects of a ternary hybrid nanofluid (C 2 H 6 O 2 /CuO, TiO 2 , Ag) on a rotating stretching sheet, including Darcy-Forchheimer, stagnation, radiation, and Soret-Dufour (Cross-Diffusion), were analysed using the Williamson fluid model. Using appropriate similarity transformations, the set of partial differential equations (PDEs) governing the model is first transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The “bvp4c” boundary-value problem solver in MATLAB is then used to numerically solve the equations. Additionally, tables and visuals are used to display the results of parameters affecting the flow. The variations in the temperature, concentration, and velocity fields arising from radiation, cross-diffusion, and Darcy-Forchheimer processes are succinctly described in this paper. As the Darcy-Forchheimer and magnetic parameters increase with temperature, the primary velocity decreases while the secondary velocity increases. In the current investigation, the fluid's thermal efficiency increases by 8.92% with the inclusion of these nanoparticles.