Robust synergistic effects of doping and defect engineering in photocatalytic H2O2 production

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) photosynthesis represents an advanced on-site production method with significant potential for on-demand supply. However, various challenges hinder the efficiency of H 2 O 2 yield, including weak oxygen adsorption capacity, reliance on sacrificial agents, low charge separation and transfer efficiency. In this regard, doping design and defect engineering have emerged as robust and effective strategies for catalyst modification, particularly through their synergistic effects. Additionally, advanced in situ characterization techniques for investigating reaction mechanisms are gaining momentum. Herein, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamentals and challenges associated with photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production, and highlights the advantages of doping and defect engineering. Subsequently, it outlines preparation methods and applications of these strategies. More importantly, it emphasizes the advanced characterization techniques utilized to validate doping and defects, as well as to investigate underlying mechanisms. Finally, the potential prospects and challenges of this reaction are anticipated. This review aims to offer valuable insights for researchers from both experimental and theoretical perspectives.