Effect of thermal stress on wellbore integrity during CO2 injection

Wellbore integrity is a critical component of long-term carbon storage. Depleted reservoirs that are potential CO₂ storage sites, typically contain several wells. Due to years of operations and abandonment, these wells can have cracks in the cement, cement-casing interface, and/or cement-formation interface. During CO₂ injection, changes in temperature may result in stress variations that can further damage the well, threatening its integrity. The temperature difference between the cold injected CO₂ and warm reservoir, and different thermal properties for the wellbore casing, cement, and the lithology, will stress the near wellbore environment, potentially extending pre-existing defects creating leakage pathways from the storage reservoir to the overlying strata. We have conducted a systematic numerical study to explore the role of CO₂ injection temperature, downhole effective in-situ horizontal stress, and the thermo-mechanical properties by coupling a linear elastic stress model with heat conduction. We consider conditions in non-perforated casing above the injection zone where conductive heating is dominant. The injection temperatures considered covers current industrial practice as well as sub-zero temperatures. Furthermore, the latter represents direct injection following ship transport, without pre-heating.