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Pump scheduling in water distribution networks (WDNs) influences energy efficiency and supply reliability. Recently, machine-learning technologies showed promise in real-time control. However, methods sorely focused on minimizing operational costs often limit decision-makers choices. This study introduces a real-time multi-objective optimization method for pump scheduling in WDNs employing neuro-evolution, with neural networks trained by NSGA-II. The approach explores neural network-based control policies to balance system resilience and operational cost, comparing their performance against two baseline methods using NSGA-II, i.e., scenario-specific optimization (SSO) and robust optimization (RO). Simulation results of the Anytown network show that neuro-evolution performs between SSO and RO in Pareto front hypervolume, with improved outcomes using a smaller-scale neural network and a larger population. Although neuro-evolution is inferior to RO in Pareto front sparsity, it performs better than SSO and RO in pipe failure scenarios. Under default water demand scenarios, over 99 % neuro-evolution policies effectively prevent water pressure deficiencies, surpassing SSO's 83 %. Across all testing scenarios, the least-cost neuro-evolution control policy shows a 2.7 % reduction in mean operational cost and achieves an approximately an 8 % higher minimum water supply ratio compared to RO. Neuro-evolution shows promise for multi-objective real-time scheduling but needs improved performance in Pareto front sparsity. • Exploring neuro-evolution for real-time multi-objective pump scheduling in WDNs • Analysis of factors influencing neuro-evolution for Pareto front approximation • Neuro-evolution is effective for pump operation under pipe failures.
Pei et al. (Sun,) studied this question.