Key result
Theoretical model defines ROSC as a phase transition triggered by a critical ionic gradient threshold.
This theoretical paper proposes a mathematical framework modeling ROSC as a phase transition dependent on internal ionic gradient density, with implications for optimal defibrillation timing.
ROSC occurs via abrupt phase transition, not gradual recovery; leaves open optimal CPR duration thresholds pending validation.
CPR delivers external wave injection (N_external). ROSC occurs when internal ionic gradient density (N_internal) crosses critical threshold N_c — the point at which the cardiac KOKU scaffold sustains the three-layer loop autonomously. Three regimes are defined: Forced (V = N_external/D), Transition (V = (N_external + N_internal)/D), Autonomous (V = N_internal/D — ROSC). The transition is a phase transition, not gradual recovery — explaining the clinical suddenness of ROSC. Pre-mature CPR cessation fails because N_internal < N_c despite apparent ROSC from combined driving. Optimal defibrillation timing is defined as the moment N_internal reaches N_c — not a fixed time interval. The cosmological equivalent is identified: cosmic inflation as forced rhythm, autonomous dark-energy expansion as ROSC. The universe's N_internal crossed N_c at 10^-32 seconds post-singularity and has never re-arrested.
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Yoshimitsu Katayama (2026) studied Cardiac arrest and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Theoretical model of CPR and ROSC (V=N/D) was evaluated. A theoretical model defines return of spontaneous circulation as a phase transition occurring when internal ionic gradient density crosses a critical threshold, analogous to cosmic inflation.
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