Why the study?
The etiological spectrum of infectious agents causing infective endocarditis is broad, and certain uncommon or rare pathogens remain particularly challenging to diagnose due to difficulty in culture.
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Design
Review
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Supports consideration of rare agents in culture-negative IE; leaves open optimal management strategies.
The etiological spectrum of infectious agents capable of causing infective endocarditis (IE) is very broad. In this review, we aim to provide readers with an overview of the main “uncommon or rare” agents responsible for endocarditis, as well as some IE pathogens that are particularly challenging to diagnose due to their difficulty in culture. Specifically, we present detailed information on Coxiella burnetii , Bartonella spp., Tropheryma whipplei , Brucella spp., and Mycobacterium spp. endocarditis. We also address the potential role of viruses as etiological agents of IE and summarize other uncommon causes in a comprehensive table. El espectro etiológico de los agentes infecciosos capaces de causar endocarditis infecciosa (IE) es muy amplio. El objetivo de esta revisión panorámica es ofrecer a los lectores una visión general de las IE provocadas por «agentes poco comunes o raros» que pueden ser difíciles de diagnosticar por su difícil cultivo. Concretamente, se presenta información detallada sobre la endocarditis causada por Coxiella burnetii , Bartonella spp., Tropheryma whipplei , Brucella spp. y Mycobacterium spp. También se aborda el posible papel de los virus como agentes etiológicos de IE y en una tabla se detallan otras causas poco comunes de IE.
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García-Álvarez et al. (2025) studied this question.
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