Assessment of renewable energy resource potential for a sustainable hybrid energy system: A case study of the Bidibidi Refugee Settlement, Uganda

Access to reliable, affordable, and sustainable energy remains a major challenge in remote and underserved regions of Uganda, particularly in areas where grid extension is technically difficult or economically unviable. Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRESs) offer a promising solution for improving energy access while supporting environmental sustainability. This study assessed the renewable energy resource potential in view of the feasibility of designing and optimizing a sustainable HRES for the Bidibidi Refugee Settlement in northern Uganda. Statistical and geospatial datasets were employed to assess the availability and spatial distribution of solar, biomass, and wind energy resources. In addition, locally available agricultural residues were characterized through proximate and ultimate analyses, supported by laboratory-scale experiments to determine their suitability for energy conversion applications. The findings revealed that the agricultural residues possess favorable physicochemical and fuel properties, making them suitable feedstocks for both thermochemical and biochemical energy conversion technologies. Resource assessment results indicated considerable renewable energy potential within the settlement, with biomass accounting for approximately 90.50 % and solar energy contributing 9.50 % of the total estimated renewable energy potential of 133.70 GWh year −1 . These results demonstrate the significant potential of biomass and solar energy to improve energy access in the settlement. The study provides a robust scientific foundation for the design and optimization of a hybrid renewable energy system tailored to local energy demands. The outcomes support sustainable energy planning, enhanced energy security, reduced reliance on conventional fuels, improved livelihoods, and strengthened environmental resilience in refugee-hosting communities and settlements with similar socio-economic and resource characteristics.