RF-sputtering is used to deposit Ti 4 O 7 -Magneli-phase films onto various substrates at deposition temperatures ( T s ) ranging from 25 to 650 °C. Not only the structural, but also electrical conductivity, optical absorbance and photothermal properties of the Ti 4 O 7 films are shown to change significantly with T s . A T s of 500 °C is pointed out as the optimal temperature that yields highly-crystalized pure-Ti 4 O 7 -Magneli phase with a densely-packed morphology and a conductivity as high as 740 S/cm. The Ti 4 O 7 films deposited at T s = 450–500 °C also exhibited the highest optical absorption over all the broad (200–1500) nm range. The absorbed sunlight (AM1.5) was efficiently converted into heat by raising the temperature of the Ti 4 O 7 films up to ~ 54 °C. Thus, the external photothermal efficiency (η ext ) of the Ti 4 O 7 films, was found to be as high as ~ 74%. This is the highest η ext reported so far for sputtered-Ti 4 O 7 coatings (just ~ 450 nm-thick), highlighting their significant potential for photothermal applications such as desalination, deicing and/or smart windows. Finally, the η ext of the Ti 4 O 7 coatings is demonstrated, for the first time, to be linearly correlated to their integrated light absorption coefficient. This fundamental relationship paves the way towards the design and optimization of highly efficient solar-thermal conversion devices.
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Pichon et al. (2024) studied this question.