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Considering the vital role of water, the need to enhance and maintain its quality is increasingly crucial. Chromium predominantly exists in hexavalent and trivalent forms (Cr (VI) and Cr (III) ). The primary environmental concern stems from their synthetic and persistent nature, which contributes to toxicity and adverse effects on the proper functioning of vital organs. Among the various removal techniques explored in the literature, adsorption is considered superior due to its minimal use of chemicals. In recent years, researchers have increasingly turned to waste materials due to their potential to convert biomass-based waste into valuable products. This review compiles an extensive list of low-cost adsorbents derived from various waste materials. The results indicated that among the low-cost agro-industrial residues tested for hexavalent chromium removal, Olive leaves Chemlali pruning waste showed the highest adsorption efficiency (99. 98 %), followed by Maize (Zea mays L) and Neolamarckia cadamba wood, with uptake capacities of 277. 57 mg/g and 86. 95 mg/g, respectively, at pH 5 and 4. Desorption efficiencies were high. It was found that the highest desorption efficiencies obtained by NaOH. NaOH has achieved good desorption efficiencies of 96. 22 % and > 99. 74 % for some materials. Additionally, the costs of various waste-derived adsorbents were compared, with activated carbon produced from spent coffee grounds emerging as a particularly cost-effective option 14. 12/kg relative to other alternatives. A key research gap emerges from the high cost of waste-based adsorbents. From a circular economy perspective, a crucial finding is that significant economic value can be derived from repurposing waste adsorbents.
Gkika et al. (Sat,) studied this question.
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