The application of perovskite-based tandem solar cells in near-space: a perspective

Near-space platforms operating at altitudes of 20∼100 km impose strict requirements on photovoltaic power systems, including lightweight, flexibility, and long-term stability under ultraviolet irradiation, high-energy particle flux, low pressure, and severe thermal cycling. Under these demanding conditions, perovskite-based tandem solar cells (Pero-based TSCs) have emerged as a highly promising solution, owing to their outstanding optoelectronic properties and record power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) approaching 35%. In this review, we first outline the near-space environmental conditions and corresponding performance requirements for photovoltaic devices. We then highlight the key advantages of Pero-based TSCs for near-space applications, including their high power-to-weight ratio (PWR, over 6 W/g), flexible design compatible with curved airframes, favorable performance at different temperatures, and inherent tolerance to radiation-induced defects. Subsequently, the major challenges are discussed, such as multiscale system optimization under near-space environments, thermal-cycling-induced degradation of tandem devices, the need for lightweight yet radiation-resistant encapsulation, and limited reverse-bias tolerance under nonuniform illumination. Finally, potential solutions are discussed, with emphasis on multi-physics simulation, suppression of defects and ion migration, advanced encapsulation, and reverse-bias mitigation. Overall, this review provides insights into the development of high-efficiency and stable Pero-based TSCs for reliable power systems for near-space applications.