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This review examines compressed air receiver tanks (CARTs) for the improved energy efficiency of various pneumatic systems such as compressed air systems (CAS), compressed air energy storage systems (CAESs), pneumatic propulsion systems (PPSs), pneumatic drive systems (PDSs), pneumatic servo drives (PSDs), pneumatic brake systems (PBSs), and compressed air vehicles (CAVs). The basic formulas and energy efficiency indicators used in a CART calculation and selection are included. New scientific research by the authors on measurements based on tank methods, numerical solutions in the process of charging and discharging, the valve-to-tank-to-valve system and pneumatic propulsion system was presented. The numerical model of the valve-tank-valve system takes into account CART polytropic charging and discharging processes, the mass flow balance equation, and the sound (choked) and subsonic mass flow rate in the inlet and outlet valves. Future research directions to improve the energy efficiency of a CART charging and discharge are highlighted. The effective density of energy storage in CART was compared to that of other renewable energy sources and other fuels. Economic and environmental issues were also considered by adopting various energy performance indicators. The discussion also focused on the design concept and computational model of the hybrid tricycle bike (HTB) pneumatic propulsion system.
Dindorf et al. (Wed,) studied this question.