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As a broad-acting cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21 WAF1 occupies a central position in the cell cycle regulation of self-renewing tissues such as oral mucosa and skin. In addition to regulating normal cell cycle progression decisions, p21 WAF1 integrates genotoxic insults into growth arrest and apoptotic signaling pathways that ultimately determine cell fate. As a result of its complex interactions with cell cycle machinery and response to mutagenic agents, p21 WAF1 also has stage-specific roles in epithelial carcinogenesis. Finally, a view is emerging of p21 WAF1 as not merely a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, but also as a direct participant in regulating genes involved in growth arrest, senescence, and aging, thus providing an additional layer of control over matters of the cell cycle. This review discusses these various roles played by p21 WAF1 in cell cycle control, and attempts to relate these to epithelial cell biology, with special emphasis on keratinocytes. (Abbreviations used include the following: Brdu, 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine; cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase; EGF, epidermal growth factor; KIP, kinase inhibitor protein; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; and TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.)
Weinberg et al. (2002) studied this question.