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January 1, 2026Environmental Science AdvancesOpen Access

Co-occurrence, hydrogeochemical association, and risk assessmentof arsenic and iron in deep and shallow aquifers of Punjab, Pakistan

Behzad Murtaza Nimra Farooq Muhammad Imran Muhammad Shahid Ghulam Abbas Tajammal Hussain Nasir Masood Sajjad Ahmad Hafiz Faiq Bakhat Nabeel Khan Niazi

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Key Points

This research aims to evaluate the co-occurrence of arsenic and iron in groundwater of Punjab, Pakistan, and assess the associated health risks.
Sample collection from deep and shallow aquifers across Punjab.
Hydrogeochemical analysis to determine concentrations of arsenic and iron.
Risk assessment conducted to evaluate the safety of drinking water and irrigation supplies.
Significant levels of arsenic and iron detected in both deep and shallow aquifers.
Higher concentrations observed in certain regions, surpassing safety limits.
Estimated health risks associated with long-term exposure to contaminated groundwater.

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Implication

Assesses groundwater quality in Punjab, indicating risks from arsenic and iron contamination.

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Cite This Study

Murtaza et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a34dd4965a5b0777af2d265 https://doi.org/10.1039/d5va00177c

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