- The cybersecurity landscape in 2025-26 is being reshaped by artificial intelligence, cloud-native infrastructures, connected devices, software supply chains and the early transition toward post-quantum cryptography. This review develops an IEEE-style synthesis of major threats and countermeasures relevant to organizations, governments and individual users. It examines AI-enabled phishing, ransomware, zero-day exploitation, supply-chain compromise, cloud misconfiguration, Internet of Things exposure, adversarial machine learning and quantum-related cryptographic risk. The paper also maps these threats to practical controls such as Zero Trust Architecture, cyber hygiene, endpoint detection and response, secure DevSecOps, software bill of materials, cloud security posture management, behavior analytics, incident response planning and crypto-agility. A comparative severity model and two control-mapping tables are added to make the discussion usable for academic and professional audiences. The review concludes that modern cybersecurity cannot depend on perimeter defense alone; it requires continuous verification, resilient architecture, security-aware users, transparent AI-supported detection, tested recovery and governance-led risk management
Singh et al. (Thu,) studied this question.