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Pd(II)-catalyzed cross-couplings have been utilized in the efficient synthesis of 2rotaxanes via an active-metal template strategy. The reaction is efficient, mild, and substrate-tolerant and uses only catalytic amounts of the Pd(II) template. In contrast, attempts using traditional Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-couplings led only to non-interlocked thread and no rotaxane.
Crowley et al. (Tue,) studied this question.