Adaptive HVAC cooling control and its impact on energy cost optimization in multi-tenanted shopping malls in Ghana

Adaptive HVAC cooling systems have emerged to ensure sustainable energy in buildings. However, scholars have mainly relied on technical efficiency through various models, with limited attention to tenant behaviour and energy cost optimisation. This study examines the impact of adaptive HVAC systems on energy consumption, tenant satisfaction, and perceived fairness in multi-tenant shopping malls in Ghana. Using a quasi-experimental design, a sample of 222 tenants was selected from the three busiest shopping malls in Ghana. ANOVA and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling were the analytical techniques. ANOVA findings indicate a significant 25% reduction in weekly energy consumption across all shopping mall zones utilising adaptive HVAC controls. Nevertheless, energy cost savings were not statistically significant due to unfair energy billing structures, which limited perceived fairness among tenants. Additionally, tenant engagement and perception of comfort were strong predictors of tenant satisfaction. Perceived ease of use negatively affected satisfaction, particularly when feedback was limited and no visible benefits were expected from using HVAC systems. The study establishes that while adaptive HVAC systems can improve energy performance, their success depends on redesigning the HVAC interface and incorporating energy performance and cost-saving measures into shopping mall lease agreement policies.