The Role of Physical Activity in Reducing Pain in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Narrative Review

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological disorders among women of reproductive age, often associated with significant limitations in daily functioning. First-line treatment of primary dysmenorrhea is based on the use of NSAIDs, which may be associated with various side effects. To avoid pharmacological methods there is growing interest in alternative methods of pain reduction, including physical activity. Aim: The aim of this narrative review was to assess the current scientific evidence on the effects of various forms of physical activity on pain intensity in primary dysmenorrhea. Material and methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Studies published mainly between 2016 and 2026 were analyzed, focusing on clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, clinical studies, observational studies, and reviews. Results: Most of the studies analyzed showed a significant reduction in pain intensity after regular aerobic exercise, Pilates, stretching, yoga, and HIIT training. In addition, some studies have observed an improvement in quality of life and functioning, as well as a reduction in premenstrual symptoms. However, a study on Zumba did not show a statistically significant reduction in pain. Conclusions: Regular physical activity plays an important role in the non-pharmacological treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Appropriately selected exercises can effectively contribute to reducing pain and improving the quality of life among women struggling with this disease. Physical exercise should be considered a supportive element of standard therapeutic strategies in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.