Advancing sustainable energy transitions in small island developing states: Lessons from the clean cooking strategy of São Tomé and Príncipe

This study examines the challenge of expanding access to modern and clean cooking solutions in small island developing states (SIDS) through the case of São Tomé and Príncipe (STP). It presents the findings of an updated baseline assessment of household cooking energy needs and the formulation of the country's National Action Plan and Strategy for Clean and Modern Cooking (NAP-CMC). Using a participatory and mixed-methods approach, the research integrates field data, stakeholder consultations, statistical analysis of the current state of cooking and policies analysis and policy analysis, applying the Multi-Tier Framework of the World Bank to assess access levels and identify critical gaps. The results indicate a persistent reliance on unsustainable cooking practices, insufficient institutional coordination, and limited market development for clean cooking technologies. The strategy outlines context-specific technology pathways and aligns with the national renewable energy and energy efficiency action plans, emphasizing electrification via renewable-powered mini-grids to promote electric cooking. The environmental, economic and social impacts are assessed, including implications for climate mitigation, health, and affordability. These findings should be interpreted as indicative, given the study's methodological scope and data limitations. The study suggests that achieving national and global sustainability goals—particularly SDGs 7 and 13—may require updating policy targets, mobilizing financing, and improving multi-level governance. By offering a context-specific and potentially replicable planning model tailored to low-income, insular contexts, this work contributes to the design of integrated and inclusive energy transitions that support long-term sustainable development.