Solar-powered water pumping: a technical and economic study for Al Makhwah, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia

This study evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of a solar-powered water pumping system for Al Makhwah in the Al Baha province of Saudi Arabia. The region has high solar potential, with an average global irradiance of 5.5–6.0 kWh/m2 /day, making photovoltaic pumping suitable for agricultural and domestic water supply. The proposed system consists of a photovoltaic array, a 3 kW submersible pump operating at a total head of 60 m, and a 10 kWh energy storage unit to ensure reliable operation. System performance was assessed using numerical modeling and energy balance analysis. Results show an annual energy production of approximately 13,000 kWh, allowing the system to satisfy about 98% of the daily water demand (50–70 m3). A performance ratio of 78% was achieved despite high ambient temperatures and dust effects. Economic results indicate clear cost advantages over diesel-powered pumping systems, along with significant reductions in CO2 emissions.