Optimization of Stone Concrete Block Properties in Retaining Wall Construction Using RSM and ABAQUS

Present study found that incorporating stone chunks (SC) into building materials enhances compressive strength and long-term durability. These favorable mechanical properties make them suitable for various applications, including retaining walls. This study investigates the mechanical performance and durability of concrete blocks incorporating SC. Concrete mixes of grades ranging from M5 to M30 were prepared. SCs were replaced from 0 to 90% replacement at an interval of 15% by volume. Compressive strength and water absorption tests were conducted. Results indicated that up to 45% SC replacement achieved remarkable compressive strengths, with M25 achieving 31.5 MPa at 45% SC. A third-order polynomial model using response surface methodology in R-language was developed to optimize mix parameters. The model yielded an R2 value as high as 0.994, with statistically significant analysis of variance (p<0.001). Shake table tests on a scaled retaining wall constructed with stone concrete blocks confirmed resilience under seismic loading from past earthquakes at 2–4 Hz and 0.2 g PGA. The integrated experimental-statistical-numerical approach confirms that SC-based blocks with up to 45% replacement offer comparable strength and durability, making them suitable for ecoefficient masonry applications in seismic regions.