Synchronous Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Wilms Tumor: Report of a Case and Review of Previous Cases

BACKGROUND: Multiple primary cancers are rare in pediatric patients and are mostly metachronous. Synchronous primary malignancies are exceedingly rare and pose significant challenges. OBSERVATION: This case report and review of previous cases focus on synchronous acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and Wilms tumor (WT). A systematic literature search identified 3 previous cases, confirming synchronous ALL and WT as a rare occurrence. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous primary cancers are rare and pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Synchronous cancer warrants comprehensive genetic testing, although a genetic predisposition may not be identified. Reporting treatment strategies and outcomes adds to the knowledge regarding these rare cases.