Update on the diagnosis and management of early oesophageal squamous neoplasia

Oesophageal squamous neoplasia consists of dysplasia and squamous cell cancer, the most common subtype of oesophageal cancer. Despite medical advances, outcomes in oesophageal cancer remain suboptimal partly because of late-stage diagnosis. This review will discuss the epidemiology and risk factors for oesophageal neoplasia. It focuses on early endoscopic recognition and diagnosis of oesophageal squamous neoplasia including endoscopic classification to guide management. The histological classifications of oesophageal dysplasia and carcinoma are also reviewed followed by discussion about endoscopic management. Finally, the guidelines for management of squamous neoplasia from major gastroenterology societies are reviewed.