Tuberculosis in Sudan: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health challenge in Sudan, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality. Objective This review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiological patterns, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for TB in Sudan. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, supplemented by official government reports and regional health data up to December 2024. Results In Sudan, TB disproportionately affects specific groups. Adults over 45 years of age account for 33.4% of TB-related deaths, while men represent 57.35% of cases. Many factors, including older age, occupational exposure, lifestyle, and limited access to diagnostics, contribute to TB transmission across the country. The increase in multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is primarily linked to the HIV co-infection rate, previous treatment failures, and challenges related to TB treatment adherence or healthcare access. Recent studies suggest genetic factors may influence TB risk. Conclusion TB cases are rising in Sudan, accompanied by increased drug resistance and disparities observed across different age groups, and sexes, and across many states. To address these issues, better diagnostics, adherence to WHO treatment guidelines, and targeted care for high-risk groups such as older adults and men are urgently needed. Emerging evidence findings on genetic risk factors underscore the need for further research to inform future strategies. Ending TB in Sudan will require collaboration between governments and Non-governmental Organizations, data driven decision-making, and the translation of research findings in to practical, real-world solutions.