Quantum nanophotonics enables advanced functionalities in information processing and sensing by providing control over quantum-light emission. Introducing time modulation into nanophotonic environments adds an additional dimension, enabling dynamic reconfiguration of the local density of optical states (LDOS), access to Floquet harmonics, and simultaneous control of emission rate, spectrum, and direction, capabilities that are fundamentally inaccessible in static platforms. Designing such systems requires self-consistent treatment of temporal modulation, electrodynamics, and quantum dynamics. Here, we extend a quantum-electromagnetic framework by coupling time-modulated Maxwell electrodynamics, solved using an anisotropic discrete dipole approximation, with a harmonic-resolved Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan–Lindblad master equation. This Floquet–Lindblad–DDA approach captures the quantum feedback induced by temporal modulation and enables evaluation of harmonic-resolved populations, radiated and dissipated power, Purcell enhancement, and quantum efficiency. We applied the method to control the emission of a diamond NV center using voltage-driven Pockels modulation of a barium titanate nanoantenna array. The optimized structure achieves Purcell enhancements exceeding 5000 and routes more than 75% of the power to the n = +1 Floquet harmonic, enabling electronic beam steering by more than 50°. These results demonstrate a platform for programmable quantum-light emission based on time-modulated nanophotonics.
Mota et al. (Sun,) studied this question.