Vestibular disorders and monoamine neurotransmitters: Current evidence

The vestibular system, a crucial sensorimotor apparatus for balance and spatial orientation, is regulated by neurotransmitters. Despite its essential function, the intricacies of neurotransmission within this system, particularly regarding monoamine neurotransmitters, remain not fully explained. A variety of vestibular disorders and therapeutic interventions are associated with balance regulation, underscoring the significance of understanding the neurotransmission in the vestibular system. This comprehensive review offers an overall insight into the role of monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin (5-HT), histamine, dopamine, and norepinephrine (NE), in the vestibular compensation following peripheral vestibular dysfunction. By examining the existing literature and integrating recent findings, monoamine neurotransmitters are closely associated with vestibular disorders, and their modulators have been used in the treatment of such conditions. Based on the vestibular dysfunction, we highlight the expression and functional significance of these neurotransmitters in the early vestibular compensation. Future research will further explore the role of neurotransmitters and their receptors in vestibular compensation, providing new ideas for the development of more effective treatment strategies.