PHOTON SPHERES, BOUNDARY, AND RADIATION-INFORMATION: a critical-propositional analysis of Ivashchuk et al. in confrontation with the Theory of Objectivity

This article presents a critical-propositional analysis of V. D. Ivashchuk, S. V. Bolokhov, F. B. Belissarova, N. Kydyrbay, A. N. Malybayev, G. S. Nurbakova, and B. Zheng’s Photon Spheres near Black Holes in a Model with Anisotropic Fluid (2025), published on arXiv under DOI https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.08465, in dialogue with the Theory of Objectivity (TO). The study examines the paper’s treatment of null geodesics, photon spheres, horizons, black-hole shadows, anisotropic fluids, and eikonal quasinormal modes. It argues that Ivashchuk et al.’s theorem-like discussion of the existence and uniqueness of the photon sphere outside the horizon offers a fertile technical field for TO’s modal discipline, especially regarding boundary, observation, radiation-information, convergence, and localized necessity. The article proposes that photon spheres may be interpreted, in a TO key, as unstable optical-informational boundaries where radiation-information encounters a limit condition of convergence. At the same time, it identifies tensions between the relativistic framework of the analyzed paper and TO’s broader ontological and cosmogonic claims. This analysis counted on the analytical support of ChatGPT.