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Industrial wastewater treatment increasingly relies on membrane separation, with ceramic membranes offering many advantages such as thermal stability and pH resistance. The resistance of ceramic membranes to extreme pH conditions indicates their ability to maintain structure and performance when exposed to highly acidic or alkaline environments. A high-permeability ceramic nanofiltration membrane was developed, boasting excellent rejection rates through a multilayer asymmetric design. Initially, two tubular porous supports, mullite and mullite-alumina, with a weight percent of 50, were fabricated using the extrusion method. Subsequently, a colloidal sol of titania (TiO 2 ) and titania-zirconia (TiO 2 - ZrO 2 ) was prepared via the sol–gel method and coated on the ceramic supports using the dip-coating method. After analyzing the membrane microstructure using SEM, XRD, and BET, the efficiency of the membranes in treating synthetic oily wastewater was evaluated. The results underscore the significant impact of the Donnan exclusion mechanism on the rejection of nanofiltration (NF) membranes. An increase in pressure led to a rise in rejection rates up to 7 bars. The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) rejection for mullite-titania zirconia (MTZ) and mullite-alumina-titania zirconia (MATZ) membranes was 98.65 % and 98 %, respectively. The pure water permeability test results for mullite and mullite-alumina supports, as well as MTZ and MATZ membranes, were recorded as 254, 382, 70, and 89 L bar -1 m -2 h −1 , respectively.
Fooladi et al. (Sun,) studied this question.