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Body-centred cubic (BCC) Ti–18Zr–13Mo (wt%) alloy displays excellent yield strength (≈800 MPa), stable hardening (rate > 1500 MPa) and uniform ductility >18%, resulting from multi-TWIP (multiple twinning-induced plasticity) strengthening effect. This multimodal mechanisms include micro-scale 332 deformation twinning (DT), nano-scale 112 DT and a rare 5 8 11 DT mode. Martensitic phase transformation is completely suppressed and the sample stays a single-phase solid solution throughout the deformation. In situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the multi-TWIP and dynamic Hall–Patch effect, with dislocation slip and large grain distortions at twin interfaces.
Zhang et al. (Wed,) studied this question.