Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
With global lithium-ion battery (LIB) production on the rise, production scraps, constituting 5 to 30 wt % of the total manufacturing output are expected to remain a major waste stream until at least 2030. These scraps present a significant recycling challenge, necessitating the development of effective and sustainable solutions. In this study, we conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) of an innovative CO 2 -assisted direct recycling process for LIB-positive electrode production scraps. Using NMC622 (LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 ) positive electrode material as a case study, this paper describes the environmental benefits and impacts of the recovery of this material with direct recycling compared to other conventional treatments (incineration, pyrometallurgy, and hydrometallurgy). Lab-scale modeling identifies energy consumption and solvent usage as key environmental hotspots. A scale-up framework is applied to provide valuable insights and guide the sustainable development of this emerging technology. Eco-design strategies and benchmarking indicate that direct recycling has the potential to reduce environmental impacts; however, advancements in process energy efficiency and material recovery rates are necessary to ensure its competitiveness with existing recycling methods and its ability to meet industry quality standards.
Gaalich et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: