What question did this study set out to answer?

The research aims to analyze the cosmological behavior of a modified teleparallel gravity model incorporating boundary terms.

June 29, 2026

Model–Independent Reconstruction and Observational Diagnostics of f(𝒯 ,ℬ) Gravity

Key Points

The research aims to analyze the cosmological behavior of a modified teleparallel gravity model incorporating boundary terms.
Used model-independent logarithmic parametrization of the Hubble function.
Employed supernova datasets from OHD, DESI DR2, and Pantheon for observational analysis.
Constructed diagnostics including effective equation of state, deceleration parameter, and statefinder pairs.
The effective equation of state is slightly below the cosmological constant boundary, indicating mild phantom-like behavior.
Deceleration parameter confirms late-time acceleration in the universe.
Statefinder trajectories reveal deviations from ΛCDM while dynamically evolving towards its fixed points.

Abstract

In this study, we investigate the late–time cosmological behaviour of a modified teleparallel gravity model described by an arbitrary function of the torsion scalar Formula: see text and the boundary term Formula: see text, namely Formula: see text gravity. Unlike dynamical Formula: see text theories, the inclusion of the boundary term restores a continuous bridge between curvature and torsion based formulations and provides a richer geometric structure capable of driving cosmic acceleration. To explore the observational viability of this theory, we adopted a model–independent approach based on a logarithmic parametrization of the Hubble function and employed using OHD, DESI DR2, and PantheonFormula: see text supernova datasets. The modified field equations yield the effective energy density and pressure terms to construct a complete set of cosmological diagnostics, including the effective equation of state, adiabatic sound speed, energy conditions, Formula: see text evolutionary plane, deceleration parameter, statefinder pairs Formula: see text and Formula: see text, and the Formula: see text diagnostic. Our results show that the reconstructed effective equation of state remains slightly below the cosmological constant boundary, indicating a mild phantom-like behaviour compatible with recent low-redshift observations. The deceleration parameter confirms a persistent late-time acceleration, whereas the energy conditions behave consistently with an accelerating universe. The Formula: see text and statefinder trajectories reveal clear deviations from Formula: see textCDM yet evolve towards its fixed points at Formula: see text, demonstrating dynamical compatibility with observational data. Overall, the Formula: see text framework exhibits physically viable and observationally consistent geometrically induced dark-energy behaviour, suggesting that torsion–boundary couplings may serve as a promising alternative to conventional dark-energy models.

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