This study examines the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among emergency and outpatient healthcare providers regarding the implementation of bundled care protocols for analgesia and sedation. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and September 2024 across 13 primary hospitals in Zunyi City, China. KAP were assessed using a validated questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) were employed to examine both direct and indirect effects of demographic characteristics on KAP. The study included 332 valid responses. Participants had a mean age of 32.6 ± 6.8 years, with 120 (36.1%) having previously received training on bundled care protocols for analgesia and sedation. Mean scores were 9.32 ± 3.34 for knowledge (possible range: 0–17), 37.29 ± 5.01 for attitude (possible range: 9–45), and 33.40 ± 4.99 for practice (possible range: 8–40). SEM revealed that knowledge directly influenced attitude (β = 0.319, P < 0.001), and attitude directly influenced practice (β = 0.826, P < 0.001). Knowledge demonstrated a significant indirect effect on practice mediated through attitude (β = 0.264, P < 0.001), while the direct path from knowledge to practice was non-significant (β = -0.024, P = 0.572). Healthcare providers demonstrated specific knowledge gaps and important practice concerns, particularly in recognizing sedation-related complications, while many attitudes and overall self-reported practices were positive. Attitude played a mediating role between knowledge and practice, underscoring the need for targeted educational interventions.
Chen et al. (2026) studied this question.