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The increase in greenhouse gas emissions due to human activity and the burning of fossil fuels is one of the most significant global concerns. Thus, the development of microalgal biofuels as an alternative for their fossil counterparts is crucial for addressing climate change, facilitating the energy transition, and protecting the environment. In this research, the sustainability of microalgae biofuels, CO2 fixation, lipid extractions, and the role of microalgae microorganisms in lipid extraction were reviewed. The study found that the assimilation and sequestration of CO2 in cyanobacteria and green microalgae, which is the process by which microalgae fix CO2, greatly reduces pollution. It emerged that the best choice for large-scale lipid production is micro-algae strains that can withstand stress. Based on the extraction techniques reviewed, the production of lipids from microalgae has been significantly increased by the application of ionic liquids (ILs) technologies and genetic editing (hydrophilic ionic liquids of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoro-methane-sulfonate). Nevertheless, the ionic liquids method of lipid recovery posed some challenges due to high viscosities on certain ILs and high synthesis costs. The life cycle (LCA) and eco-friendly assessment (EA) utilized in microalgae lipid production were also discussed along the challenges and specific prospects. The review offers current and useful knowledge to support the advancement of green chemistry and environmental sustainability in microalgal lipids.
Opia et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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