Heart Rate Control with Landiolol Hydrochloride in Infants with Ventricular Dysfunction and Pulmonary Hypertension

Figures

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  Figure 1. All data are presented as arithmetic mean ± SD or absolute number. The baseline value is the last available value prior to the first administration of landiolol. (A) The Kaplan–Meier plot for achievement of normal heart rate. (B) Landiolol dose (μg/kg/min) over time. (C) Subgroup analysis of landiolol dose (μg/kg/min) over time. GA, gestational age.

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  Figure 2. (A) A selected case example of a term infant with landiolol treatment is illustrated. The targeted heart rate limits were 130–150 b.p.m. The vital parameters (heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure) are displayed in the upper row. The heart rate measurements and dose range of landiolol infusion are displayed in the lower row of the figure. (B) A selected case example of a preterm infant with landiolol treatment is illustrated. The targeted heart rate limits were 150–170 b.p.m. The vital parameters (heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure) are displayed in the upper row. The heart rate measurements and dose range of landiolol infusion are displayed in the lower row of the figure. MAP, mean arterial pressure.

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  Figure 3. All data are presented as arithmetic mean ± SD. The baseline value is the last available value prior to the first administration of landiolol. (A) Heart rate (b.p.m.) over time during landiolol treatment. (B) Mean arterial pressure (MAP) (mmHg) over time during landiolol treatment. GA, gestational age.

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  Figure 4. (A) Changes of the severity of the pulmonary hypertension (PH) during landiolol treatment. (B) Changes of the incidence of the right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) during landiolol treatment. (C) Changes of the incidence of the left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) during landiolol treatment. At baseline, the severity of PH differed significantly between subgroups (P < 0.001), but not at later timepoints. The P‐values in the figure indicate the Fisher exact test in relation to the baseline of the selective subgroup.

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  Figure 5. (A) Changes of the incidence of the biventricular dysfunction (BVD) during landiolol treatment. (B) Changes of the end‐diastolic right ventricular to left ventricular (RV/LV, cm) ratio during landiolol treatment. The RV/LV ratio differed significantly between subgroups at all timepoints (P = 0.026, P = 0.006, and P = 0.040, respectively). The P‐values in the figure indicate the Fisher exact test or the Mann–Whitney U test in relation to the baseline of the selective subgroup.