Multidimensional chemoprofiling of hybrid and wild Broussonetia papyrifera : sustainable utilization analysis of wild resource substitutes

possesses a chemical profile comparable to that of the wild resource. Chromatographic analysis initially confirmed a high overall similarity between the two varieties. Network pharmacology was then applied to identify key bioactive components, including neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, apigenin aldehyde glycoside, and apigenin-7-glucoside. The hybrid exhibited higher total flavonoids content, with enrichment of chlorogenic acid and apigenin aldehyde glycoside, whereas the wild type contained slightly higher total polyphenols and neochlorogenic acid. Subsequently, chemical pattern recognition and machine-learning classifications demonstrated a pronounced chemical overlap. Furthermore, distinct seasonal dynamics and tissue-specific accumulation patterns of total flavonoids and phenolics were also characterised. Collectively, these results provide preliminary chemical evidence supporting the hybrid as a viable substitute for wild resources, thereby informing resource development, quality control, and cultivation optimisation.