The food packaging industry faces significant environmental challenges due to the extensive use of fossil fuel-based materials that contribute to pollution and waste generation. To address these issues, sustainable solutions such as biodegradable and compostable materials, edible packaging, and active and intelligent systems have been developed. Active packaging enhances product stability through controlled release or absorption of substances, while intelligent packaging monitors food freshness in real time, helping to reduce waste and optimize resource use. The adoption of biodegradable materials further supports environmental sustainability and promotes circular economy principles. This review critically examines recent advancements in bio-based and biodegradable intelligent food packaging systems aimed at improving food quality, safety, and environmental sustainability. The study synthesizes current literature on biodegradable polymers (e.g., PLA, PHA, starch, and cellulose), edible films, active and intelligent packaging technologies, and nanotechnology-based innovations. Emphasis is placed on functional performance, including barrier properties, antimicrobial activity, and shelf-life extension. Life cycle assessment (LCA) perspectives are incorporated to evaluate environmental impacts compared to conventional plastics. The review also discusses key challenges such as economic feasibility, scalability, regulatory constraints, and consumer acceptance. Findings indicate that while biodegradable intelligent packaging offers significant sustainability advantages, limitations in mechanical performance, cost, and industrial compatibility hinder large-scale adoption. Future research should focus on improving material performance, safety assessment of nanomaterials, and integration within circular economy frameworks.
Baghel et al. (Sun,) studied this question.