Behavior of Dry Stack Himalayan Ancient Masonry Structures Under Settlement Using Discrete Element Analysis

The Himalayan region of India, with its deep cultural roots, is full of ancient temples constructed using dry stack stones. These structures, assembled by stacking stones in different patterns without the use of mortar, rely on the weight, precise placement, and natural friction between stones to maintain stability. The present study explores the stability of dry stack corbelled systems like arches and wall assemblies under settlement, using an experimental study and the Discrete Element Method (DEM). Laboratory-based experiments and corroborative DEM studies are conducted to investigate the behavior of dry stack structures and their load transfer mechanisms under controlled settlement conditions. Furthermore, DEM analysis is used to study the settlement behaviour of a full-scale, typical Himalayan-style dry-jointed temple, constructed using a dry-stack corbelling structural system. The analysis considers differential settlement concentrated in localised areas, i.e. one wall or corner at a time, to study its behaviour on the overall stability and deformation of the temple structure. A friction sensitivity analysis is conducted to demonstrates that increasing friction reduces settlement-induced displacements. This research aims to expand understanding of the stability mechanisms within dry stack masonry, providing valuable insights to aid in the preservation of these culturally and historically significant structures.