The role of generative AI and hybrid feedback in improving L2 writing skills: a comparative study

This study examines the impact of Generative AI (GenAI) – generated feedback and hybrid feedback (GenAI and human tutor input) on L2 academic writing skills. Over 12 weeks, 60 Chinese EFL students were divided into two groups: Group 1 received only GenAI feedback, while Group 2 received hybrid feedback. Writing performance was assessed using GRE writing rubrics. Results showed that GenAI feedback improved Group 1’s writing performance, particularly in grammar and sentence variety. However, its impact on higher – order skills like critical thinking and organization was limited. In contrast, Group 2 demonstrated greater improvement, with significant gains in organization, critical thinking, and sentence variety. The hybrid feedback group also reported higher motivation and more positive feedback perceptions. These findings suggest that while GenAI feedback is effective for basic writing skills, hybrid feedback is more beneficial for developing complex academic writing skills. The study highlights the importance of combining AI and human feedback to meet diverse learning needs in L2 writing instruction. Future research should explore the long – term effects of hybrid feedback and its application in different writing contexts.