In this updated version, the paper addresses issues in angular momentum and explores spacetime curvature effects on expansion, aiming to resolve dark matter and energy concerns.
This version corrects two issues from the previous oneand adds one new subsection. CORRECTIONS: (1) Section 3.2 — Angular momentum derivation:The step r²_eff·v_t = L had inconsistent units(m³/s ≠ m²/s). Corrected to:From r·v_t = L (specific angular momentum, m²/s),substituting r_eff = r + GM/c²:v_t = L/r_eff ≈ (L/r)(1 − GM/rc²)Final result (Φ_eff and 43 arcsec/century)is unchanged. (2) Symbol change throughout:δ(r) = GM/rc² renamed to ε(r) = GM/rc²to avoid confusion with the Dirac deltadistribution. Purely notational.(Suggested by a reader.) NEW ADDITION: Section 3.4 — GR spacetime curvature as asnapshot of expansion effects: The two physical effects in Φ_eff are purelyspatial: the approaching-face effect and thesurface-flattening effect of the Sun's expansion.When the Sun's expansion is set to zero and theresult is captured from Mercury's perspective,the snapshot produces exactly GR's spacetimecurvature:- Approaching-face effect → g_tt (depth of gravitational well)- Surface-flattening effect → g_rr (slope of gravitational well) GR's time component (g_tt) exists because thespatial expansion effects unfold over time.When frozen into a static snapshot, the temporaldimension must be reinserted explicitly — whichis what the Schwarzschild metric does via g_tt.EFT carries the same information implicitlyin r(t), requiring no separate time component. This explains why GR needs two metric componentsto yield 43 arcsec/century while EFT needs onlythe spatial contraction r_eff = r + GM/c². All scientific conclusions are identical to v6.5.
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JongJin Ma (2026) studied this question.
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