IL-17–driven tumor cell–intrinsic inflammatory programming creates an immunotherapy-permissive microenvironment

Background While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have failed to improve outcomes in unselected ovarian cancer populations, objective responses are observed in a minority of ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) cases, implying biological heterogeneity and a yet-undefined immunologically responsive subset within this histotype. Methods We performed immunohistochemical profiling of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and analyzed transcriptomic data from human OCCC cohorts. Functional studies were conducted using an immunocompetent syngeneic OCCC mouse model to assess the effects of IL-17 on tumor cell inflammatory signaling, immune microenvironment remodeling, and responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade, including single-cell RNA sequencing of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Results OCCC exhibited an immune-sparse tumor microenvironment with relative enrichment of CD4⁺ T cells. RORC expression was elevated in OCCC but showed intertumoral heterogeneity. In the transcriptome data ( n = 180), an IL17A high subset (5%), enriched within the RORC high fraction, exhibited a T cell–inflamed gene expression profile independent of microsatellite instability and tumor mutational burden, yet was not associated with survival. Mechanistically, IL-17 directly activated NF-κB–dependent inflammatory programs in OCCC tumor cells, inducing cytokines and chemokines involved in T-cell recruitment and activation. In the syngeneic model, IL-17 exposure increased intratumoral CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell infiltration and activation. Single-cell profiling further revealed expansion of Th17/Tfh-like CD4⁺ T cells and cytotoxic, non-terminally exhausted CD8⁺ T cells. Consistent with these changes, anti–PD-L1 therapy improved survival in Th17-biased partial chimera mice. Conclusions IL-17–responsive, tumor cell–intrinsic inflammatory programming remodels the tumor immune microenvironment toward an immunotherapy-permissive state. These findings establish IL-17–responsive tumor cell inflammatory programming as a mechanistic axis shaping immune checkpoint sensitivity and provide a rationale for biomarker-guided immunotherapy strategies.